THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL MARKETING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA

The tremendous growth of tourism in Albania in recent decades, made important the understanding of the role that digital marketing and mobile technology is playing in this field. Tourism in Albania is one of the most important economic sectors of the country, and is growing year after year. It is emphasized that digitalization is a new form of communication between producers and consumers of tourism services, becoming a source of competitive advantages for tourism organizations. The main goal of the study is to give us a clear overview of the use of the Internet, information technologies and digital marketing in Albania. For the realization of this study, we used a methodology that combines primary data with secondary ones. The research was conducted through questionnaires that were sent to Albanian travel agencies via email. The questionnaire contains 17 questions, and was sent to 150 travel agencies, of which 102 agencies responded. Regarding the study, digital marketing plays an important role in improving the image of Albanian tourism throughout the world. It has created facilities in the way of doing marketing and reducing the costs of businesses. Through digital marketing, travel agencies have managed to promote our country online, personalize services and, above all, be closer to customers. The research found that the most effective digital marketing tools used by the agencies are Instagram and Facebook.

Labour market dualization and social policy in pandemic times: an in-depth analysis of private consumption services in Europe

PurposeThis article contributes to the debate on how social policies and labour market regulation have been used to limit the socio-economic consequences of the pandemic by focusing on one specific economic segment of European labour markets: private consumption services, such as trade, tourism, catering and other support services.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis combines mixed methods and a variety of sources. First, we built a set of indicators from the EU-LFS microdata for 2019 and the 2018 Eurostat "Structure of earnings survey” and performed a cluster analysis (k-means) on the dimensions and indicators considered. Second, we elaborated EU-LFS data covering 2019 and 2020 (by quarter) and OECD 2020 data, and finally we traced Covid-related policy reforms for the period March 2020–December 2021 and analysed documents and information collected in different policy repositories.FindingsThe paper shows the relevance and characteristics of private consumption services in different countries, demonstrating that so-called labour market "outsiders” are highly represented in this sector and illustrates the policies adopted to respond to the pandemic in different European countries. The paper asks whether this emergency has been a window of opportunity to redefine regulation in this sector, making it more inclusive. It demonstrates, however, that the common approach in Europe has been dominated by temporary, short-term and one-off measures, which do not represent major changes to the social security schemes that were in place before the pandemic.Originality/valueThis article builds on the literature on labour market dualization, but approaches the concept from a different perspective – one not centred on the nature of employment relations (stable/unstable) but on economic sectors/branches. This article does not, therefore, discuss in general terms what happened to labour market outsiders during the pandemic, but rather focus attention on a specific group of workers who are highly exposed to risks stemming from dualization: those employed in the private consumption services. The economic sector perspective is an integrative way of framing dualization which is still under-researched.

Community-based disaster risk reduction efforts in facing the threat of abrasion disasters at Bungin Beach, Bekasi Regency during the covid-19 pandemic

Abrasion causes coastal areas to have a very high level of dynamics and often has an impact on environmental damage, so it needs to be anticipated. In the last 2 years, the whole world has faced a crisis caused by the pandemic due to Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19). During the pandemic, the environment where coastal communities live is still threatened with abrasion. Some mangrove planting and rehabilitation activities had to be stopped to suppress the spread of the virus. The purpose of this study was to identify the role of community groups (Tourism Awareness Group) as a key factor in overcoming abrasion events during the Covid-19 pandemic at Bungin Beach. Interviews and direct observations were conducted to obtain survey data. Additional analyzes were then carried out through relevant journals and literature reviews. As a result, from 1997 to 2021 there has been abrasion on Bungin beach. The Tourism Awareness Group plays a role in post-pandemic recovery, especially in the economic sector. Through mangrove planting activities, not only to restore the economy of coastal communities during the pandemic but also to protect coastal ecosystems from the threat of abrasion on Bungin Beach.

The long-run equilibrium in the context of COVID-19 pandemic

Purpose: A serious problem in the pandemic days is that in this period many firms face difficulties with remaining on the market. It causes that the entrepreneurs do not undertake activities which could result in introducing innovations. In this context, the authors examine new mechanisms which lead competitive economy to the long-run equilibrium under the assumption that producers are change-averse. Design/methodology/approach: The results have the form of theorems with rigorous proofs and provide the ideas on the way of developing the economic policy in respect of firms in the pandemic days. Findings: As a result, the authors justify that in some cases it is worth leading an economic sector or a whole economy to the long-run equilibrium state. Originality/value: The authors show that there exists a mechanism in the sense of Hurwicz which transforms the economy into an economic system being in the long-run equilibrium as well as the authors determine optimal mechanisms, under the criterion of distance minimization, in some subsets of the mechanisms designed. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Economic Studies is the property of Emerald Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Has the acceleration of privatization become inevitable in Bahrain?

Bahrain remains the most vulnerable Gulf country due to its limited savings and sharp rise in debt levels, leaving it exposed to high financing risks. The financial crisis has been deepened by the economic double blow of the decline in oil prices and the effects resulting from the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic. Bahrain has decreased subsidies and increased taxes on many products. Those measures seem, however, insufficient to mitigate the negative impacts on the economy. This paper presents a model based on a comparison between fast privatization and gradual privatization strategies undertaken in some Bahraini economic sectors. It shows that the contribution of privatization to economic restructuring is only as effective as the commitment of the government to maintain a high pace of privatization. This condition can provide needed revenues, and can particularly foster private investments and initiatives. Therefore, it may represent an appropriate context to elevate Bahrain out of the present equilibrium characterized by slow privatization and government dominance on the economy.

The effects of the coronavirus pandemic process on BIST sub-sector indices in Turkey

In this study, Simple Linear Regression Analysis was carried out to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on Borsa Istanbul Sub-Sectors indices. In the analysis, the number of daily cases of COVID-19 was taken as independent variables, and Borsa Istanbul Sub-Sector (Tourism, Transportation, Textile-Leather, Food-Beverage, Industrial) index data were taken as dependent variables. As the data set, daily data between 11.03.2020-09.04.2021 was preferred. In determining the time interval of the preferred data set, 11 March 2020, when the COVID-19 outbreak was first seen in Turkey, was taken into account. As a result of the analysis, it has been found that the COVID-19 epidemic has a relatively high level of meaningful and negative impact on the Tourism, Textile and Industrial Sector Indices. It has been observed that it has a lower level of meaningful and negative effect on the Food-Beverage and Transportation Indices.

The KAC-CSR Model in the Tourism Sector

This article carries out, for the first time in the scientific literature, an integrated analysis of the variables of knowledge, application, and communication of CSR in an economic sector (in this case, tourism), through the application of a novel model called KAC-CSR (knowledge, application, and communication of corporate social responsibility);this model interrelates the three concepts and the possible factors causing them. The objective is to identify the possible causal relationships among these CSR variables and their respective determining factors. In practice, this implies carrying out a first empirical verification of the proposed model, seeking to determine its viability as an explanatory tool. Applying the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach, using partial least squares (PLS), to a sample of 224 hotels in the Colombian Caribbean region, this analysis verifies the proposed model and specifies its characteristics. This study finds that a greater degree of advanced CSR knowledge lends itself to a greater degree of CSR application. This, in turn, positively influences CSR communication. Likewise, motivations have a positive influence on CSR application, particularly in economic and social activities, while obstacles have a negative influence on CSR application. Moreover, different characteristics of the manager and the hotels determine the levels of knowledge, application, and communication of CSR. The paper also provides evidence on the determining factors influencing the ‘knowledge–application–communication' sequence of CSR, an aspect not studied until now. Future research should consider more stakeholders and replicate the KAC-CSR model in other economic sectors and geographical areas.

The impact of public sector employment on regional economic activity: countering seasonal fluctuations and economic shocks

This research documents multidimensional facets of public value provided by public sector employment in regional Australia. Evidence and estimates of the contribution and impact of public sector employment to regional labour markets and economic activity are documented for the Illawarra, South Coast and Capital regions of New South Wales, Australia. Using a mixed methods approach, results presented illustrate that public sector employment embodies a significantly larger proportion of total employment and economic activity in most regional labour markets compared to Greater Sydney or Australia in general. Other analyses reveal both counter-seasonal and countercyclical contributions of public sector income and spending to regional economic activity. The main finding of this research is that public sector employment provides a stable foundation to regional economies that are otherwise strongly influenced by seasonal patterns associated with tourism and agriculture. The importance of public sector employment to the regional economies has been amplified in recent crisis periods associated with large scale bushfires and COVID-19.

Building a system dynamics model to analyze scenarios of COVID-19 policymaking in tourism-dependent developing countries: A case study of Cambodia

To control the COVID-19 pandemic, various policies have been implemented to restrict the mobility of people. Such policies, however, have resulted in huge damages to many economic sectors, especially the tourism sector and its auxiliary services. Focusing on Cambodia, this study presents a system dynamics (SD) model for assessing and selecting effective policy responses to contain the spread of COVID-19, while maintaining tourism development. Policies targeted in this study include international and domestic transportation bans, quarantine policy, tourist-centered protection measures, and enterprise-led protection measures. Two types of scenario analyses are conducted: one targets each policy separately and the other combines different policies. Among all scenarios, quarantine policy is evaluated to be the most effective policy as it balances the containment of the spread of COVID-19 and support for tourism development. This study provides a new way of guiding COVID-19 policymaking and exploring effective policies in the context of tourism.

Impact of COVID-19 on Indian economy with special reference to production sector

The study examines the productivity of agriculture, micro, small, and medium scale enterprises in India 2019-2021 and analyses the impact of covid-19 on the Indian economy concerning the production sector. Data from an impact study of covid-19 conducted by NABARD was used and the percentage of various products from Indian states have been found with low production in agriculture and other branches of the production sector. Allied branches of agriculture and MSMEs have faced troubles though covid-19. Overall results suggested that pandemic has created more vulnerability in all the branches of agricultural products. Further, the performance of MSMEs have declined and registered negative growth. Apart from that, the pandemic distracted the demand and supply sides of the production and created more volatility and instability in the Indian economy especially on production, consumption and trade of produced goods. The pandemic has given various threats to agriculture and production of various products from MSMEs have stalled. However, the study suggests that it is the duty of government entities and individuals of the country to coordinate to fight against a pandemic.

The Electrical Contractors Case: Irish Supreme Court Illuminates Collective Bargaining and Delegated Legislation

As Europe begins to emerge from the Covid‐19 pandemic, two trends are clear: one, labour market reform is urgently needed, to cope with new economic and technological realities;and two, big government is back. The recent decision of the Irish Supreme Court in Náisiúnta Leichtreach Contraitheoir Éireann v Labour Court illuminates the relationship between collective bargaining and the regulatory state. In potentially one of the most important decisions in Irish labour law in decades, the Court rejected a constitutional challenge to legislation aimed at empowering social partners to regulate economic sectors through collective bargaining. This article situates that decision within recent scholarship on the ‘labour constitution' model of labour law, under which the social partners should participate in economic governance. It also highlights the relevance of the decision for the ‘Social Europe' agenda and the political economy of both national constitutional law and the EU internal market.

Covid Impact Analysis on Small and Medium Sized French Enterprises

Small and Medium-sized enterprises (SME) are the backbone of the economy of developed countries. Given their importance to the economy, it is necessary to analyze and study the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on their activities. Hence, this research evaluates the impact of the Covid-19 outbreak on the French SMEs ecosystem. We analyze the impact on the default percentage of several different economic sectors. We focus our analysis on 4 different sectors: Wholesale & retail trade, repair of motor vehicles;Construction;Manufacturing;Accommodation and food service activities. We found that the default percentage evolution is similar across the studied sectors. Furthermore, we conclude that the limited impact of Covid-19 on French SMEs can be explained by the solidarity fund implemented by the French government to reduce the economic impact of the pandemic. © 2023 IEEE.

A Cognitive Analysis of Covid-19 on the Africa Economy Using Linear Regression

The coronavirus outbreak in 2020 has made it difficult to implement macroeconomic initiatives and has affected the economy in all countries in Africa. There has been a lot of concern regarding how to stabilize the economy at least to where it was before the coronavirus outbreak. There was increased governmental allocation to combat the spread and reduce COVID-19's impacts. This study evaluates the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on some African countries and examines the cognitive analysis as it affects the economy considering layoffs and other revenue losses, as well as a consistent recession and deterioration in the banking and economic sectors. A linear regression method was used in the analysis of this work. Although the pandemic affects every aspect of life and society at large, this study examines how it affects the nation's economy. It was recognized that numerous policy instruments, including those connected to health and social protection, fiscal policy, and financial, industrial, and trade policies, needed to be implemented for the economy to recover properly from the financial loss. The analysis of the data, shows that there was a reduction in the GDP of each country during the Covid-19 pandemic. It is predicted that adopting these technologies may minimize suffering among people and aid in the economy's recovery from recession and bankruptcy. © 2022 IEEE.

SECTORAL CONNECTEDNESS AND RISK SPILLOVERS IN THAILAND'S STOCK MARKET

Investigating the mechanisms of risk transmission within economic sectors is vital for comprehending the interconnectedness among industries. This study aims to examine the channels of risk propagation by analyzing volatility spillovers within eleven sectors of Thailand's stock market from January 2012 to December 2021. The sectoral volatility is estimated using the ARMA-GARCH technique. The paper utilizes the connectedness measures developed by Diebold and Yilmaz (2009, 2012, 2014) to examine changes in sectoral connectedness and identify significant trends in specific sectors before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The result is that total volatility connectedness has increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, indicating a significant rise in systematic risk. The Petrochemical and Chemical sector became the largest transmitter during the COVID-19 pandemic. These two findings are consistent with several studies on sectoral connectedness during the COVID-19 situation. In addition, some certain sectors shifted their role from a net transmitter to a net receiver and vice versa. Investors should be aware of the impact of an increase in systematic risk and the switching roles of net transmitters and net receivers when selecting hedging strategies. The Banking sector and the Finance and Security sector did not transmit much volatility to the market. They were net receivers for both the pre-COVID and the COVID periods. The Finance and Security sector was the largest receiver of volatility shocks during the pandemic. This raised concerns about the future stability of Thailand's financial sector. Overall, the results of this study contribute to an understanding of the changes in sectoral connectedness and risk spillovers in Thailand's stock exchange as a result of the COVID-19 situation.

Theimpact of Covid-19 preventative measures on quality of life: A case study on the Saudi community

The study aimed to identify the role of the precautionary measures taken by the government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to limit the negative effects of the Corona pandemic (Covid-19) in the health sector, the education sector, the entertainment sector, and the economic sector, in the level of Saudi citizens' sense of quality of life. To achieve this goal, the descriptive analytical approach was used, where a questionnaire was built containing four measures to reveal the role of precautionary measures in the four sectors in the citizens' sense of quality of life, and a social survey was conducted targeting a random sample of (994) Saudi citizens. The results of the study showed that the precautionary measures in the health field had a positive role in the citizens' sense of quality of life, while their role in the educational and entertainment fields was medium, while their role was negative in the economic field, and the results also showed the existence of statistically significant differences in the role of precautionary measures to confront Corona in citizens' sense of quality of life in different sectors, and the results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the respondents' attitudes towards the role of precautionary measures in citizens' sense of quality of life according to gender, social status, or according to the number of family members, while moral differences appeared in their attitudes. According to their ages, their educational levels, the sectors in which they work, and the type of housing. In light of these results, the study made several recommendations, the most prominent of which were: the need to develop plans and training programs to develop students' academic skills to keep pace with developments in the field of distance education, and to benefit from the experiences of developed countries in the field of distance education in a way that motivates students to participate and commit to the educational process, and to work Relevant official authorities to reduce the negative effects of precautionary measures in the economic sector on Saudi citizens and families.

'Splendid isolation': Embracing islandness in a global pandemic

Islandness is often considered to be a disadvantage. However, it has helped the residents of islands to delay, deter, and, in some cases, totally insulate themselves from COVID-19. While islanders have been quick to lock themselves down, this has had a tremendous impact on their connectivity and on tourism, which in many cases is their major economic sector. Yet, the association of islands with being safe, "COVID-19 free" zones has helped these spaces to be among the first destinations to restart the tourism economy once travel restrictions were lifted. After several weeks of lockdown, and with the COVID-19 threat still looming, social distancing remained the norm. Travellers were thus eager to immerse themselves in island environments while avoiding crowds and seeking small accommodation facilities in less densely populated rural areas to limit the risks of infection - a package offered by several islands in the central Mediterranean. With many travellers opting to travel close to home, islands benefited from domestic tourism - a key market segment for islands in this region. Islands have thus performed relatively well in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic and in restarting their economies;but the pandemic has also exposed challenges including a dangerous overreliance on tourism.

The Influence of The COVID-19 Pandemics in Indonesia On Predicting Economic Sectors

Several studies have tried to prove the link between the economic sectors in Indonesia with the COVID-19 pandemic. However, research has yet to observe the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the predicted performance of regression models. This study proposes the development of previous research following the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on machine learning performances in predicting economic sectors in Indonesia. The economic sectors mentioned include the exchange rate, CPI, and stock price. The proposed methods for comparison are decision tree (DST) and random forest (RF). Comparison of prediction performance with legacy uses root mean squared error (RMSE), mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). Test results show that the RF regression model has superior performance compared to DST with the best MSE, RMSE, MAPE, MAE, and r2 value of 0.010, 0.102, 0.64%, 0.100, and 0.89, respectively. Using the T-Test, we prove that the COVID-19 pandemic does not significantly affect machine learning predictions on the exchange rate but significantly affects machine learning predictions on CPI and stock prices. © 2022 IEEE.

Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data for Strengthening the Role of Intelligence in Human Security

The state, through the government, should ensure national security and stability through the policies taken. For this reason, fast and accurate information and data are needed to form the basis for policymaking. Intelligence actors have an essential role in gathering information to identify and prevent threats within and outside the country. Technological advances affect changes in threats and increase the classification of these threats. Covid-19 is a real example of the threat in this era because almost all countries feel its impact. In addition to affecting health, the Covid-19 pandemic also impacts the global economic sector. The economic impact is felt by small and medium industries, goods and services products, and also the tourism sector. The method that is used in this study is a literature review from various national and international journals. AI and Big Data can be used to track viruses in real time, collect adequate public health data, and integrate vaccine use. Also, AI and Big Data can provide local decision and policy-makers with informed, evidence-based predictions. the threat of the Covid-19 pandemic and other infectious diseases that disrupt public health and have a broad impact must be anticipated and addressed in order to achieve the safety and existence of the nation and state. The author wants to emphasize the importance of the role of intelligence in anticipating threats from the visible to the invisible. © 2022 IEEE.

The Influence of the Health Crisis on the Romanian Tourism Industry

At the beginning of February in 2020, no one could have imagined what would happen in the coming months due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and, in particular, that it would become a health emergency and soon a global economic emergency. An economic emergency that we will probably compare to the crisis of 29. In the initial phase, the phenomenon was almost everywhere underestimated. All economic sectors were affected. Tourism is certainly one of the sectors that has suffered the most dramatic impact, the main cause being the lack of mobility of people, an essential condition for protection against Covid-19. The negative economic situation manifested itself in all sectors, affecting companies and destinations. The IMF (International Monetary Fund) predicted in mid-April 2020 a loss of -9.1% for Italy, -7.0% for Germany, over 10% for Greece, -5.9% in the US, -8% for Spain, -7.2% for France, -7.1% for the European Union as a whole, -6.5% for the United Kingdom, warning, however, that the compression of this sector could be even greater depending on the evolution of the pandemic. Many companies that belong to or have a connection with the various tourism sectors, immediately experienced a major liquidity crisis due to the almost total lack of demand. While expecting a certain recovery in the second half of the year, it is estimated that the turnover of hotel companies will decrease between 60% and 70% in 2020;Similar percentages indicate airlines, cruises, MICE sector (Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing, Exhibitions). In Romania, the HORECA sector registered massive decreases, and the forecast still cannot fully appreciate the phenomenon.

Economic and Financial Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Insurance Market in Albania, Serbia and Northern Macedonia

As in many parts of the world, the Covid-19 sanitary pandemic has hit very hard the economies hard in the of the countries of the Western Balkans. The economy faced a "shock” both on the supply and on the demand. Most economic sectors were paralyzed. One of these sectors is the insurance market, which represents a relatively important weight for the economic and financial sector. The purpose of this article is to show the impact of Covid-19 on the insurance market in the three countries of the Western Balkans: Albania, Serbia and Northern Macedonia. Based on the specifics of this crisis and particularly that of the insurance sector, the purpose of this article is to verify the impact of Covid-19 on the insurance market and specifically, on the volumes of gross annual premiums. To verify it, we have analyzed the annual data of this sector, before the pandemic and throughout the pandemic. The results show that the Covid-19 pandemic for Albania and Macedonia has had a negative impact on the market of this sector, while for Serbia we have an increase in the annual data.